| however, there is no relevant archaeological, epigraphic, or numismatic evidence dating from the time of Muhammad, nor are there any references to him in non-Muslim sources dating from the period before 632 | 5, "One major challenge to examining initial contacts between Byzantium and the early Muslim umma arises from the controversy surrounding the traditional Islamic account |
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| Seeing Islam as others saw it: a survey and evaluation of Christian, Jewish, Robert G | The Bustan al-Ukul, by Nathanael ibn al-Fayyumi, edited and translated by David Levine, Columbia University Oriental Studies Vol |
Ideally, one would like to be able to check such accounts against contemporary evidence.
28137 Netanel's work was virtually unknown beyond his native Yemen until modern times, so had little influence on later Jewish thought• See, for example, Bowersock, Glen Warren, Peter Robert Lamont Brown and Oleg Grabar Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World 1999, Harvard University Press p.
| El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs 2004, Harvard University Press p | Denis Gril, Miracles, , Brill, 2007 |
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| "Muhmmad," Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world• Moreover, many of them provide evidence of embellishment and invention that were introduced to serve the purposes of political or religious apologetic |