Lapidus 2002 , pp 0 | |
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5, "One major challenge to examining initial contacts between Byzantium and the early Muslim umma arises from the controversy surrounding the traditional Islamic account | El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs 2004, Harvard University Press p |
Seeing Islam as others saw it: a survey and evaluation of Christian, Jewish, Robert G.
Moreover, many of them provide evidence of embellishment and invention that were introduced to serve the purposes of political or religious apologetic | Kafih Jerusalem, 1984 , ch |
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sources are not contemporaneous with the events they purport to relate and sometimes were written many centuries later.
6Peter Teed 1992 , p | 597, which notes that many of the details surrounding Muhammad's life as given in the biographies, are "problematic in certain respects, the most important of which is that they represent a tradition of living narrative that is likely to have developed orally for a considerable period before it was given even a relatively fixed written form |
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Hitti, History of the Arabs, 10th edition 1970 , p |
"Muhmmad," Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world• Denis Gril, Miracles, , Brill, 2007.
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