Ideally, one would like to be able to check such accounts against contemporary evidence | Kafih Jerusalem, 1984 , ch |
Hitti, History of the Arabs, 10th edition 1970 , p | |
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Denis Gril, Miracles, , Brill, 2007 | however, there is no relevant archaeological, epigraphic, or numismatic evidence dating from the time of Muhammad, nor are there any references to him in non-Muslim sources dating from the period before 632 |
5, "One major challenge to examining initial contacts between Byzantium and the early Muslim umma arises from the controversy surrounding the traditional Islamic account.
These sources contain internal complexities, anachronisms, discrepancies, and contradictions | |
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Seeing Islam as others saw it: a survey and evaluation of Christian, Jewish, Robert G | "Muhmmad," Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world• Peter Teed 1992 , p |
See, for example, Bowersock, Glen Warren, Peter Robert Lamont Brown and Oleg Grabar Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World 1999, Harvard University Press p.
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