Then in 1004, the swept over the exposed and reached the outskirts of , forcing the Song's submission and then agreement to the , which imposed heavy annual tributes from the Song treasury | The Yuan dynasty became the first in Chinese history to rule the entire and as an |
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This was compounded by mass flooding of the ; silt buildup caused it to split into two channels and displaced large numbers of farmers | In the north, the last of the Sixteen Kingdoms was extinguished in 439 by the , a kingdom founded by the , a nomadic people who unified northern China |
In 960, the was founded by , with its capital established in also known as.
Chinese merchants explored all of the Indian Ocean, reaching East Africa with the | The , advised by , then launched a comprehensive reform effort, the 1898 |
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Each of these Southern dynasties were led by Han Chinese ruling families and used modern Nanjing as the capital | City views of Song dynasty from paintings |
The 1644—1911 was the last imperial dynasty in China.