| These sources contain internal complexities, anachronisms, discrepancies, and contradictions | however, there is no relevant archaeological, epigraphic, or numismatic evidence dating from the time of Muhammad, nor are there any references to him in non-Muslim sources dating from the period before 632 |
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| 5, "One major challenge to examining initial contacts between Byzantium and the early Muslim umma arises from the controversy surrounding the traditional Islamic account |
137 Netanel's work was virtually unknown beyond his native Yemen until modern times, so had little influence on later Jewish thought• El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs 2004, Harvard University Press p.
| Moreover, many of them provide evidence of embellishment and invention that were introduced to serve the purposes of political or religious apologetic | |
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| Kafih Jerusalem, 1984 , ch |
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